It will take about 3587 years to go through all possible combinations of a 93-char long character set for a 8-char password.
But what if the number of combinations is reduced, say by shorter passwords, by not using special characters, numbers or mixing upper/lowercase characters? Here are the estimates using the same character sets from page 2, with a speed value of 50,000 cracks/s:
| Password Length |
time needed for Character Set 1 |
time needed for Character Set 2 |
| 1 |
< 1 sec |
< 1 sec |
| 2 |
< 1 sec |
< 1 sec |
| 3 |
4.8 secs |
16 secs |
| 4 |
5 mins |
25 mins |
| 5 |
5.17 hours |
1.63 days |
| 6 |
13.4 days |
151.4 days |
| 7 |
2.27 years |
38.6 years |
| 8 |
140.7 years |
3587.4 years |
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Now its easily understandable why password standards are raised and enforced as any weakness makes brute force attacks more and more likely to be successful.
Conclusion: Going for a 8-char Unix password brute force on a PC is still tough. :) But 5- or 6-char Unix passwords are a piece of cake for anybody and should not be used! Numbers and special characters should be utilized in passwords to vastly increase the search space. Passwords should not be words found in dictionaries, not even with slight alterations. Alternate, slower computing password encryption schemes (i.e. MD5) should be used. Or, maybe, passwords should be abandoned at all, in favor of safer technologies. Recent development of "Rainbow Tables" allow to circumvent the password computing and can search through huge, pre-sorted password hash files at I/O speeds. Thanks to Hale www.deviance.org as the original author of viper.pl and to the authors of UFC-crypt at the Free Software Foundation. Viper is freeware provided the original author and source information remains. <Download Here>
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What impact has different hardware and how fast are different systems? How does increasing processor power improve the brute-force cracking speed? The table below has some numbers:
| System |
CPU |
OS |
compiler |
speed in c/s |
| PC |
1x 650 Mhz Pentium III |
Windows 98 |
gcc |
51,282 |
|
|
Linux 2.2.13 |
gcc |
39,062 |
| SUN Server E-250 |
2x 400 MHz UltraSparc |
Solaris 2.6 |
gcc |
24,691 |
| HP WS Model 778 |
1x 180 Mhz PA-Risc |
HP-UX 10.20 |
gcc |
6,993 |
| HP Laptop |
1x 1.7 GHz AMD 64 |
Windows XP |
gcc |
121,212 |
|